De implementatie van een effectieve interventie om te stoppen met roken voor ouders.

The aim of this study is to conduct an implementation 2-arm
randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of a
proactive telephone counseling for smoking parents (N =
144) in the Netherlands. By using two different
implementation routes (i.e., through
[youth] healthcare and via a mass media approach) we
will examine facilitators and barriers for these
implementation routes, test whether
these implementation routes have a
differential effect on the effectiveness of the intervention,
and test the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Finally, an
implementation will be developed that provides information
on how this intervention can be implemented in the most
optimal manner.

It is important that parents quit smoking, as this has serious detrimental effects on their own health and their children's health. The majority of parents want to quit smoking. However, many quit attemts are unsuccessful. Recently a proactive telephone counseling intervention for smoking parents was examined and found to be highly effective in the Netherlands. Therefore, it is time that this intervention will be implemented on a large scale.

The purpose of this study is to set up an implementation
randomized controlled trial to: 

1. obtain information about the recruitment success of
two different implementation routes (i.e., through
[youth] health care professionals and via a mass media
approach [i.e., online mass media and mass mailings
through primary schools]). In addition, a process
evaluation for both implementation routes
will be conducted;

2. test the (cost)effectiveness of the intervention and the
extent to which the implementation routes
have a differential effect on the main
outcome;

3. to develop an implementation plan based on the
information obtained from the various analyses and process
evaluation.

All outcome measures will be assessed in online
questionnaires.

The primary outcome measures will be assessed at
three months post-intervention.

Secondary outcome measures:

1) occurrence of at least 24 hours abstinence at some point
during the study will be assessed at three months post-
intervention;

2) 4-week quitter will be assessed at three months-post
intervention;

3) increase in motivation to quit will be assessed at
baseline and three months post-intervention;

4) number and duration of quit attempts will be assessed at
baseline and, three months post-intervention, and twelve
months post-intervention;

5) use of and adherence to nicotine replacement therapy
will be assessed at three months post-intervention;

6) implementation of smoking restrictions at home will be
assessed at baseline and three months post-intervention;

7) change in smoking-related cognitions will be assessed
at baseline and three months post-intervention.

In the telephone counseling condition parents receive proactive telephone counseling based on MI and cognitive-behavioural skill building. Each parent receives up to six counselor-initiated phone calls (approximately 20 minutes) across a period of three months. In addition, they receive a supplementary brochure on smoking cessation, which is designed for this study as tailored supplementary material.



In the control condition parents receive within two weeks after baseline assessment a standard brochure on smoking cessation. This brochure is a 16-page colour-printed booklet.