From feasibility to efficacy: the use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to reduce craving and drinking behaviour in alcohol dependent outpatients - A multiple baseline study and RCT

Multiple baseline study:

• Changes in number of total drinks consumed since last assessment as measured

by a patient-kept daily diary;



RCT:

• Changes in heavy drinking days (defined as consuming >=5 alcohol drinks on a

given day) in the past 30 days as measured by the alcohol

Timeline Followback (TLFB; Sobell & Sobell, 1992);

Multiple baseline study:

• Changes in patient-reported craving as measured by the Penn Alcohol Craving

Scale (PACS; Flannery, Volpicelli, & Pettinati, 1999);

• Changes in patient-reported positive and negative affect as measured by the

(translated) International Positive And Negative Affect Scale

short-form version (I-PANAS-SF; Thompson, 2007);

• Changes in severity of patient-reported problematic alcohol use during the

previous month as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders I

Identification Test (AUDIT; Saunders, Aasland, Babor, de la Fuente, &

Grant, 1993; Dutch translation: Schippers & Broekman, 2010);

• Changes in patient-reported desire thinking as measured by the Desire

Thinking Questionnaire (DTQ; Caselli & Spada, 2011; Dutch

version);

• Changes in patient-reported coping self-efficacy as measured by the

Self-Efficacy List for Drug users (SELD; De Weert-Van Oene, Breteler,

Schippers, & Schrijvers, 2000);

• Changes in patient-reported quality of life as measured by the EuroQol-5D

(EQ-5D; The EuroQol group, 1996) and the Community

Reinforcement Approach Happiness scale (CRA-HS; Meyers & Smith, 1995);

• Changes in patient-reported rumination as measured by the Perseverative

Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ; Ehring, Zetsche, Weidacker,

Wahl, Schönfeld, & Ehlers, 2011);

• Changes in alcohol attentional bias as measured by the Alcohol Stroop

(Stroop, 1935; Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod; 1996);

• Changes in alcohol implicit associations as measured by the Drinking Identity

IAT (Lindgren, Neighbors, Teachman, Wiers, Westgate, &

Greenwald, 2012).



RCT:

• Time to first alcohol consumption (post-intervention) as measured by the

alcohol TLFB;

• Changes in number of total drinks consumed in the past 30 days as measured by

the alcohol TLFB;

• Changes in average drinks per occasion in the past 30 days as measured by the

alcohol TLFB;

• Changes in severity of patient-reported problematic alcohol use during the

previous month as measured by the AUDIT;

• Changes in biomarker levels as measured by laboratory tests of serum γ-

glutamyltransferase (GGT) and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin

(CDT);

• Changes in alcohol attentional bias as measured by the Alcohol Stroop;

• Changes in alcohol implicit associations as measured by the Drinking Identity

IAT;

• Changes in patient-reported craving as measured by the PACS;

• Changes in patient-reported desire thinking as measured by the DTQ;

• Changes in patient-reported coping self-efficacy as measured by the SELD;

• Changes in patient-reported quality of life as measured by the EQ-5D and the

CRA-HS;

• Changes in patient-reported rumination as measured by the PTQ;

• Changes in patient-reported positive and negative affect as measured by the

(translated) I-PANAS-SF;

• Differential drop-out in EMDR + TAU and TAU only group.