Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover single dose
study to determine the test-retest reliability of, and the effect of oral valproic acid, levetiracetam and lorazepam on, cortical excitability measurements in healthy volunteers as measured by TMS-EEG and TMS-EMG

1. Healthy male subjects, 18 to 45 years of age, inclusive. Healthy status is defined by absence of evidence of any active or chronic disease following a detailed medical and surgical history, a complete physical examination including vital signs, 12-lead ECG, hematology, blood chemistry, and urinalysis.

2. Body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 32 kg/m2, inclusive, and with a minimum weight of 50 kg.

3. Able to participate and willing to give written informed consent and to comply with the study restrictions.

1. Legal incapacity or inability to understand or comply with the requirements of the study.

2. Positive test for drugs of abuse at screening or pre-dose.

3. History (within 3 months of screening) of alcohol consumption exceeding 2 standard drinks per day on average (1 standard drink = 10 grams of alcohol). Alcohol consumption will be prohibited during study confinement and at least 24 hours before screening, before dosing, and before each scheduled visit.

4. History or symptoms of any significant disease including (but not limited to), neurological, psychiatric,
endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, or renal disorder.

5. A history of epilepsy or febrile seizures.

6. Having metal objects in brain or skull.

7. Having a cochlear implant or implanted deep brain stimulator.

8. Abnormal sleeping pattern (e.g. working night shifts)

9. Resting motor threshold (rMT) of more than 83% of the maximum stimulator output, measured using TMS-EMG during screening.

10. History of active malignancy within the last 5 years, with the exception of localized or in situ carcinoma (e.g., skin basal or squamous cell carcinoma).

11. Positive Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab), or human immunodeficiency virus antibody (HIV Ab) at screening.

12. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 or less than 90 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 or less than 50 mm Hg.

13. Use of any medications (prescription or over-the-counter [OTC]), vitamin, mineral, herbal, and dietary
supplements within 14 days of study drug administration, or less than 5 half-lives (whichever is longer). Exceptions will only be made if the rationale is discussed and clearly documented by the Investigator.

14. Clinically significant abnormalities, as judged by the Investigator, in laboratory test results (including hepatic and renal panels, complete blood count, chemistry panel and urinalysis). In the case of uncertain or questionable results, tests performed during screening may be repeated before randomization to confirm eligibility or judged to be clinically irrelevant for healthy subjects.

15. Participation in an investigational drug or device study within 3 months prior to screening.

16. Any blood donation or other loss of blood greater than 500 mL within 3 months of screening or plasma
donation within 2 weeks of screening.

17. Concomitant disease or condition that could interfere with, or for which the treatment of might interfere with, the conduct of the study, or that would, in the opinion of the Investigator, pose an unacceptable risk to the subject in this study.

18. Use of tobacco or nicotine products within the previous month before the first dose administration;

19. Clinically significant abnormalities, as judged by the Investigator, in ECG.

20. Any confirmed significant allergic reactions (urticarial or anaphylaxis) against any drug, or multiple drug
allergies (non-active hay fever is acceptable).

21. Unwillingness or inability to comply with the study protocol for any other reason.